This isn’t that expensive less than $100 per person at scale. The Chinese have started to move into sequencing their whole nation (they have millions at low coverage).
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It’s really sad that the British are pushing forward with this. Obviously, this is oversampling some groups (Mirpuris, Syhletis, and East African Indians who are mostly Guju), but it’s better than nothing. Nearly 10,000 South Asians at high-quality whole-genome sequence scale is nice to see. Owing to the considerable genetic diversity of African populations, and resultant differences in patterns of linkage disequilibrium, the XAF cohort may prove valuable for fine-mapping association signals due to multiple strongly correlated variants identified in XBI or other non-African populations.
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The WGS data of the XAF cohort represent one of the most comprehensive surveys of African sequence variation to date, with reported birthplaces of its members covering 31 of the 44 countries on mainland of sub-Saharan Africa (Extended Data Fig. The 37,598 UKB individuals who do not belong to XBI, XAF or XSA were assigned to the cohort OTH (others). 4) and South Asian (XSA n = 9,252 Extended Data Fig. We defined two other cohorts based on ancestry: African (XAF n = 9,633 Extended Data Fig. The sequences of 150,119 genomes in the UK Biobank: I think I have a possibility: jati obviated the need for central political authority. There is also a ‘mystery’ in terms of how the IVC was organized sociopolitically. There’s genetic differences indicating strong endogamy across South India among non-Brahmin groups. Instead of bringing strict endogamy to the subcontinent, the Indo-Aryans adopted indigenous forms.
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So why is India so different? One hypothesis that some make is that the Indo-Aryans were racially so different from the indigenous people. We provide insights into the Mycenaean period of the Aegean by documenting variation in the proportion of steppe ancestry (including some individuals who lack it altogether), and finding no evidence for systematic differences in steppe ancestry among social strata, such as those of the elite buried at the Palace of Nestor in Pylos. In the Balkans, we reveal a patchwork of Bronze Age populations with diverse proportions of steppe ancestry in the aftermath of the ~3000 BCE Yamnaya migrations, paralleling the linguistic diversity of Paleo-Balkan speakers. There is no stratification by class when it comes to steppe ancestry. I was thinking about it when reflecting on work to come out soon from David Reich’s lab on ancient Pontic steppe ancestry in Bronze Age Greece. But only the Indian subcontinent has jati. I’m talking here of Dumezil’s trifunctional hypothesis, warrior, priest and commoner.
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